Non-Pauline epistles pt. 1

XIV. Hebrews

Author – Unknown. Traditionally attributed to Paul which is why it is found after Philemon. However, most Christian scholars do not believe Paul wrote Hebrews. The unknown author had great knowledge of the Old Testament and the Jewish sacrificial system. He was also well schooled in the Greek language and logic. The author presents in his epistle a rational/logical argument as to why Christ was the fulfillment of the Old Testament.

When – Written prior to the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Following its destruction, the Jewish sacrificial system came to an end.

To Whom – Jewish Christians. In the Old Testament, Jews were also referred to as Hebrews. The epistle was specifically targeted at Jewish believers who were tempted to revert to Judaism because of persecution or who wanted to Judaize the gospel by practicing Old Testament customs and traditions (circumcision, animal sacrifices, and strict Sabbath observances.)

Purpose – To make as clear as possible to Jews, Christian and non-Christian, the superiority of Christ over the Old Covenant. The author’s audience was very familiar with the Old Testament – scriptures, heroes, traditions, rituals, customs, sacrifices, etc. He used all of the previous found in the Old Testament to demonstrate the supremacy of Christ (He is superior to the prophets, angels, Moses, priesthood of Aaron, etc.), and to illustrate how Jesus is the fulfillment of the Old Testament/the Law. The author ends his letter with an exhortation for Jewish Christians to remain committed to their faith in the face of persecution. In the process, the author defines what faith is.

Key Verses – Hebrews 10:11-12; 11:1

XX. James

Author – James, half-brother of Jesus Christ. James was head of the Church in Jerusalem.
When – about 50 A.D.

To Whom – Jewish Christians.

Purpose – The overarching theme of James’ epistle is the relationship between faith and works. The Christians James wrote to claimed to have true faith in Jesus; yet, their actions showed no evidence to support their assertion. They practiced prejudice, discrimination, verbal abuse, quarreling, and other acts of unrighteousness. James chastised them for their hypocrisy and in the process explained what true faith is. Explain Paul vs James on topic of faith and works – Paul emphasized faith. James emphasized works. Audiences – Paul writing to Christians who believed circumcision, traditions necessary for salvation. James writing to Christians who believed believing God existed, Jesus died and resurrected was enough. Not necessary to love neighbor. James emphasis on works made Martin Luther to want to remove epistle from Bible.

Key Verses – James 2:17